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The raised fist (also known as the clenched fist) is a symbol of solidarity and support.〔(Every Movement Needs a Symbol: Enter The Wisconsin Fist of Solidarity )〕 It is also used as a salute to express unity, strength, defiance, or resistance. The salute dates back to ancient Assyria as a symbol of resistance in the face of violence.〔(The Samuel Gray Society )〕 ==History== Assyrian depictions of the goddess Ishtar show her raising a clenched fist.〔 A raised fist was used as a logo by the Industrial Workers of the World〔Joyce L. Kornbluh, Solidarity, 1917; Rebel Voices: An IWW Anthology, Charles H. Kerr Publishing, 1998〕 in 1917. The graphic symbol was popularized in 1948 by Taller de Gráfica Popular, a print shop in Mexico that used art to advance revolutionary social causes.〔(Mexican posters on social and educational themes )〕 The symbol has been picked up and incorporated around the world by various groups who perceive they are oppressed. In 2015 it has emerged in the southeast area of Ukraine among the separatists battling the Ukraine Kiev government forces, along with the phrase "¡No Pasarán!". The image gallery shows how a raised fist is used in visual communication. Combined with another graphic element, a raised fist is used to convey polysemous gestures and opposing forces.〔(Elements of Meaning in Gesture By Geneviève Calbris )〕 Depending on the elements combined, the meaning of the gesture changes in tone and intention. For example, a hammer and sickle combined with a raised fist is part of communist symbolism, while the same fist combined with a Venus symbol represents Feminism, and combined with a book, it represents librarians. A raised-fist icon appears prominently as a feminist symbol on the covers of two major books by Robin Morgan, ''Sisterhood is Powerful'', published in 1970,〔(Author's website ), as accessed September 5, 2012.〕 and ''Sisterhood Is Forever'', in 2003.〔(Author's website ), as accessed September 5, 2012.〕 A raised fist incorporates the outline of the state of Wisconsin, as designed in 2011, for union protests against the state rescinding worker's rights.〔()〕 Image:The hand that will rule the world.jpg|''Solidarity'' cartoon 1917 Image:CominternIV.jpg|October Revolution 1922 Image:Civil Liberties in War Times by Max Lerner 1940.jpg|Civil liberties poster 1940 Image:Womanpower logo.jpg|Feminism Image:LibrariansAgainstDRM.svg|Librarians Against DRM Image:Otpor-serbian.jpg|Otpor! Image:Flag of Kach and Kahane Chai.svg|Kach and Kahane Chai Image:Piotr Uklanski - Untitled (Fist).jpg|Piotr Uklanski, Untitled (Fist) 2008 Image:Stand_With_Wisconsin_Raised_Fist.pdf|Stand with Wisconsin, 2011 (Wisconsin AFL-CIO) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「raised fist」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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